Washers are thin, flat, disk-shaped components placed between a nut or bolt head and the surface being fastened. They serve multiple purposes, including distributing the load of the fastener evenly to prevent damage to the surface, reducing friction during tightening, and ensuring a secure fit. Washers also help protect against loosening caused by vibrations or movement in the assembly. They come in various types, such as flat washers for general use, spring washers for added tension, and lock washers to prevent unintentional loosening. Made from materials like metal, plastic, or rubber, washers are indispensable in ensuring durability and reliability in mechanical and structural assemblies